Sustainable Charcoal Briquettes from Canarium indicum Shell Waste Using Red Dragon Fruit Peel as a natural Binder

Irwan Said, Sitti Rahmawati, Purnama Ningsih, Afadil, Fadila

Abstract

Walnut shell waste is an agricultural lignocellulosic residue containing approximately 17.74% cellulose, 36.06% hemicellulose, and 36.90% lignin, which makes it a promising feedstock for solid biofuel production. Red dragon fruit peel, which contains about 14.6–20.14% pectin, can act as a natural binder for biomass briquettes. This study investigates the use of walnut shell waste and red dragon fruit peel adhesive for the production of charcoal briquettes as an alternative renewable fuel. Charcoal briquettes were produced from walnut shell waste using red dragon fruit peel adhesive at three concentrations (15 g, 20 g, and 25 g per 100 g of charcoal). An experimental laboratory approach was employed to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the briquettes. Key parameters measured included density, calorific value, compressive strength, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The results were compared with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for charcoal briquettes. The briquettes produced with 15 g of red dragon fruit peel adhesive per 100 g of charcoal exhibited the most favourable performance, with a density of 0.7808 g/cm³, a calorific value of 4716.28 cal/g (≈19.7 MJ/kg), a compressive strength of 14.99 kg/cm² (≈1.47 MPa), a moisture content of 5.98%, an ash content of 7.64%, a volatile matter content of 10.89%, and a fixed carbon content of 81.09%. Most parameters met the SNI requirements, while the calorific value and compressive strength were slightly below the recommended thresholds. These findings indicate that walnut shell waste combined with red dragon fruit peel adhesive can yield charcoal briquettes with generally good physical and chemical properties, highlighting the potential of this biomass binder system as a source of renewable solid fuel. Further optimisation of binder formulation and processing conditions is warranted to fully meet standard performance criteria and to support wider practical application.

 

Keywords: walnut shell; red dragon fruit peel adhesive; pectin binder; charcoal briquettes; biomass; renewable energy.

 

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.52.10.4


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