Eggs with Higher Antioxidant Content Caused by the Biotechnological Development of Microalgae in Cage-Free Hens
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation with the microalgae Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Haematococcus pluvialis on the production and quality of eggs from Hy-Line Brown laying hens under heat stress conditions. The research was conducted at the Canchones campus of Arturo Prat University, located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. A total of 125 hens aged 22 to 36 weeks were used in an experimental design with five treatments: a) a control group without microalgae, b) groups with 1% spirulina and 20, 40, or 60 ppm of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, and c) a group with 1% spirulina. The results showed that microalgae supplementation significantly improved egg production and live weight gain in the laying hens, particularly under heat stress conditions. Higher levels of dietary antioxidants correlated with better performance, surpassing the control group and industry benchmarks. Yolk color, which was strongly correlated with carotenoid content, increased significantly with higher levels of microalgae supplementation. The group with the highest concentrations of spirulina and astaxanthin produced the most intense yolk color and the highest carotenoid content. This study highlights the potential of microalgae supplementation to improve egg production and quality in cage-free laying hens, especially in environments with heat stress.
Keywords: Microalgae, antioxidants, heat stress, egg quality, egg production.
https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.52.1.9
Full Text:
PDFReferences
MIRANDA J.M., ANTON X., REDONDO-VALBUENA C., ROCA-SAAVEDRA P., RODRIGUEZ J.A., LAMAS A., FRANCO C.M., & CEPEDA A. Egg and egg-derived foods: Effects on human health and use as functional foods. Nutrients, 2015, 7: 706–729. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7010706
SANLIER N., & ÜSTÜN D. Egg consumption and health effects: A narrative review. Journal of Food Science, 2021, 86: 4250–4261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15892
HOU Y.Y., ZHEN Y.H., WANG D., ZHU J., SUN D.X., LIU X.T., WANG H.X., LIU Y., LONG Y.Y., & SHU X.H. Protective effect of an egg yolk-derived immunoglobulin (IgY) against Prevotella intermedia-mediated gingivitis. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2014, 116: 1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12419
NIMALARATNE C., & WU J. Hen egg as an antioxidant food commodity: A review. Nutrients, 2015, 7: 8274–8293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105394
EISENHAUER B., NATOLI S., LIEW G., & FLOOD V.M. Lutein and zeaxanthin — Food sources, bioavailability and dietary variety in age‐related macular degeneration protection, Nutrients, 2017, 9(2): 120 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020120
KOTRBÁCEK V., SKRIVAN M., KOPECKÝ J., PENKAVA O., HUDECKOVÁ P., UHRÍKOVÁ I., & DOUBEK J. Retention of carotenoids in egg yolks of laying hens supplemented with heterotrophic Chlorella. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 58: 193–200. https://doi.org/10.17221/6747-cjas
SHI H., DENG X., JI X., LIU N., & CAI H. Sources, dynamics in vivo, and application of astaxanthin and lutein in laying hens: A review. Animal Nutrition, 2023, 13: 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.02.008
ROQUES S., KOOPMANS S.J., MENS A., VAN HARN J., VAN KRIMPEN M., & KAR S.K. Effect of Feeding 0.8% Dried Powdered Chlorella vulgaris Biomass on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Morphology during Grower Phase in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 2022, 12(9): 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091114
HENG N., GAO S., CHEN Y., WANG L., LI Z., GUO Y., SHENG X., WANG X., XING K., XIAO L., NI H., & QI X. Dietary supplementation with natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis improves antioxidant enzyme activity, free radical scavenging ability, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in laying hens. Poultry Science, 2021, 100: 101045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101045
GAO S., LI R., HENG N., CHEN Y., WANG L., LI Z., GUO Y., SHENG X., WANG X., XING K., NI H., & QI X. Effects of dietary supplementation of natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and accumulation in the egg yolk of laying hens, Poultry Science, 2020. 99: 5874–5882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.029
AWADH I.A.J., & ZANGANA B.S.R. Effect of Adding Different Levels of Astaxanthin Extracted from an Algae Haematococcus Pluvialis to the Diet on Some Immunological Characteristics of Broilers Reared under Natural and Elevated Environmental Conditions. IOP Conference, Series Earth Environmental Science, 2021, 910: 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012003
HENG N., GAO S., GUO Y., CHEN Y., WANG L., SHENG X., WANG K., XING K., XIAO L., NI H., & QI X. Effects of supplementing natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis to laying hens on egg quality during storage at 4°C and 25°C. Poultry Science, 2020, 99: 6877–6883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.010
BOIAGO M.M., DILKIN J.D., KOLM M.A., BARRETA M., SOUZA C.F., BALDISSERA M.D., DOS SANTOS I.D., WAGNER R., TAVERNARI F. DE C., DA SILVA M.L.B., ZAMPAR A., STIVANIN T.E., & DA SILVA A.S. Spirulina platensis in Japanese quail feeding alters fatty acid profiles and improves egg quality: Benefits to consumers. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2019, 43: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12860
CARPINTERO-PÉREZ M. Extracción de carotenoides de la yema de huevo. Evaluación de aplicaciones, Universidad de Oviedo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10651/60208
CARPINTERO M., MARCET I., RENDUELES M., & DÍAZ M. Egg Yolk Oil as a Plasticizer for Polylactic Acid Films. Membranes (Basel), 2022, 12(1): 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010046
ISLAM K.M.S., & SCHWEIGERT F.J. Comparison of three spectrophotometric methods for analysis of egg yolk carotenoids. Food Chemistry, 2015, 172: 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.045
AL-AJEELI M.N., LEYVA-JIMENEZ H., ABDALJALEEL R.A., JAMEEL Y., HASHIM M.M., ARCHER G., & BAILEY C.A. Evaluation of the performance of Hy-Line Brown laying hens fed soybean or soybean-free diets using cage or free-range rearing systems. Poultry Science, 2018, 97: 812–819. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex368
MOUSTAFA E.S., ALSANIE W.F., GABER A., KAMEL N.N., ALAQIL A.A., & ABBAS A.O. Blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis) alleviates the negative impact of heat stress on broiler production performance and redox status. Animals, 2021, 11(5): 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051243
MADKOUR M., SALMAN F.M., EL-WARDANY I., ABDEL-FATTAH S.A., ALAGAWANY M., HASHEM N.M., ABDELNOUR S.A., EL-KHOLY M.S., & DHAMA K. Mitigating the detrimental effects of heat stress in poultry through thermal conditioning and nutritional manipulation. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2022, 103: 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103169
MAO H., CHEN J., ZHANG J., ZHANG X., XU S., & ZHANG L. High-energy and high-amino acid diet enhances production performance and antioxidant capacity in yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science, 2024, 103(7): 103790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103790
GOUDA A., TOLBA S., MAHROSE K., FELEMBAN S.G., KHAFAGA A.F., KHALIFA N.E., JAREMKO M., MOUSTAFA M., ALSHAHARNI M.O., ALGOPISH U., & ABD EL-HACK M.E. Heat shock proteins as a key defense mechanism in poultry production under heat stress conditions. Poultry Science, 2024, 103(4): 103537 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103537
WLAŹLAK S., PIETRZAK E., BIESEK J., & Dunislawska A. Modulation of the immune system of chickens a key factor in maintaining poultry production—a review, Poultry Science, 2023, 102(8): 102785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102785
OKE O.E., AKOSILE O.A., ONI A.I., OPOWOYE I.O., ISHOLA C.A., ADEBIYI J.O., ODEYEMI A.J., ADJEI-MENSAH B., UYANGA V.A., & ABIOJA M.O. Oxidative Stress in Poultry Production. Poultry Science, 2024, 103(9): 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104003
AL-SHAMMARI K.I.A., ZAMIL, S.J., & BATKOWSKA J. The antioxidative influence of dietary creatine monohydrate and L-carnitine on laying performance, egg quality, ileal microbiota, blood biochemistry, and redox status of stressed laying quails. Poultry Science, 2024, 103(1): 103166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103166
MARCHIORI M.S., OLIVEIRA R.C., SOUZA C.F., BALDISSERA M.D., RIBEIRO Q.M., WAGNER R., GÜNDEL S.S., OURIQUE A.F., KIRINUS J.K., STEFANI L.M., BOIAGO M.M., & DA SILVA A.S. Curcumin in the diet of quail in cold stress improves performance and egg quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2019, 254: 114192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.05.015
RAGAB M.S., & FATHI M. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Algae Meal (Spirulina Platensis) as Growth Promoter on Performance of Broiler Chickens. Egyptian Poultry Science, 2018, 38(2): 375–389. https://www.epsj.journals.ekb.eg/article_8203.html
ABDELNOUR S.A., ABD EL-HACK M.E., ARIF M., KHAFAGA A.F., & TAHA A.E. The application of the microalgae Chlorella spp. As a supplement in broiler feed. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 2019, 75(2): 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933919000047
EL-BAHR S., SHOUSHA S., SHEHAB A., KHATTAB W., AHMED-FARID O., SABIKE I., EL-GARHY O., ALBOKHADAIM I., & ALBOSADAH K. Effect of dietary microalgae on growth performance, profiles of amino and fatty acids, antioxidant status, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Animals, 2020, 10(5): 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050761
SOUZA D.H., FREITAS E.R., ALENCAR A.V.O., COSTA M.K.O., SANTOS A.S., FREIRE J.F., ROCHA A.K.S., COELHO R.D., & NEPOMUCENO R.C. Sunflower cake in brown-egg laying pullet diets: Effects on the growing phase and on the beginning of production cycle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2020, 269: 114663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114663
KANG H.K., SALIM H.M., AKTER N., KIM D.W., KIM J.H., BANG H.T. KIM M.J., NA J.C., HWANGBO J., CHOI H.C., & SUH O.S. Effect of various forms of dietary Chlorella supplementation on growth performance, immune characteristics, and intestinal microflora population of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2013, 22: 100–108. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00622
FAN C., WU J., XU L., BAI L., YANG H., YAN C., WU Q., CHEN Y., & HU Z. A mutated rabbit defensin NP-1 produced by Chlorella ellipsoidea can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1): 12778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49252-4
KHAN I.A., PARKER N.B., LÖHR C.V., & CHERIAN G. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3)-rich microalgae along with methionine supplementation in broiler chickens: effects on production performance, breast muscle quality attributes, lipid profile, and incidence of white striping and myopathy. Poultry Science, 2021, 100(2): 865–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSJ.2020.10.069
SAEED M., ABBAS G., ALAGAWANY M., KAMBOH A.A., ABD EL-HACK M.E., KHAFAGA A.F., & CHAO S. Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2019, 84: 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025
BHADAURIA P., KESHAVA, MAMGAI P., MURAI A., & JADOUN P.Y. Management of Heat Stress in Poultry Production System. Technical Bulletin. ICAR Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, 2016.
CORNESCU G.M., PANAITE T.D., UNTEA A.E., VARZARU I., SARACILA M., DUMITRU M., VLAICU P.A., & GAVRIS T. Mitigation of heat stress effects on laying hens’ performances, egg quality, and some blood parameters by adding dietary zinc-enriched yeasts, parsley, and their combination. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023, 10: 1202058. 10https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1202058
WIAĘTKIEWICZ S., ARCZEWSKA-WŁOSEK A., KRAWCZYK J., PUCHAŁA M., & JÓZEFIAK D. Dietary factors improving eggshell quality: An updated review with special emphasis on microelements and feed additives. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 2015, 71: 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933915000082
BOZKURT M., KÜÇÜKYILMAZ K., ÇATLI A.U., ÇINAR M., BINTAŞ E., & ÇÖVEN F. Performance, egg quality, and immune response of laying hens fed diets supplemented with mannan-Oligosaccharide or an essential oil mixture under moderate and hot environmental conditions. Poultry Science, 2012, 91: 1379–1386. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02023.
OMRI B., AMRAOUI M., TAREK A., LUCARINI M., DURAZZO A., CICERO N., SANTINI A., & KAMOUN M. Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) supplementation on laying hens’ performance: Eggs physical, chemical, and sensorial qualities. Foods, 2019, 8(9): 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090386
VALCU C.M., VALCU M., TELTSCHER K., & KEMPENAERS B. Non-analytical methods for the estimation of total yolk carotenoids in passerine eggs. IBIS International Journal of Avian Science, 2020, 162(3): 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12803.
A.M. GOULA, M. VERVERI, ADAMOPOULOU A., & KADERIDES K. Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids from pomegranate wastes using vegetable oils, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2017, 34: 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.07.022
DA COSTA SANTANA L., DE OLIVEIRA MENDONÇA M., SILVA V.R.O., CASTRO M.D.D.A., COSTA P.K.F., DE SOUZA MOURA G., & BERTECHINI A.G. Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2021, 50: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37496/RBZ5020200161.
KHAN S., MOBASHAR M., MAHSOOD F.K., JAVAID S., ABDEL-WARETH A.A., AMMANULLAH H., & MAHMOOD A. Spirulina inclusion levels in a broiler ration: evaluation of growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020, 52: 3233–3240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02349-9
D.M. DANSOU, WANG H., NUGROHO R.D., HE W., ZHAO Q., & ZHANG J. Assessment of response to moderate and high dose supplementation of astaxanthin in laying hens. Animals, 2021, 11(4): 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041138.
ZHU Y., YIN L., GE J., WU X., PENG Y., ZHANG T., & JIANG M. Astaxanthin supplementation enriches productive performance, physiological and immunological responses in laying hens. Animal Bioscience, 2021, 34(3): 443–448. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0550
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
