Environmental Assessment of Fish Farm Areas Using Macrobenthic Mollusk Structures Comparing Coastal and Lake Water Ecosystems: Efforts toward Sustainable Aquaculture
Abstract
Due to rising global food demand, aquaculture in Indonesia has experienced tremendous expansion, rising from 35% in 2010 to 65% in 2050. However, environmental disruption in aquatic habitats can result from this development. Because their structure strongly correlates with physicochemical water parameters and organic enrichment, macrobenthic mollusks extensively distributed in freshwater and marine habitats, are ideal bioindicators. This study aimed to compare the lake water and coastal ecosystems to evaluate the environmental conditions of fish farming sites using macrobenthic mollusk structures. We identified macrobenthic mollusk communities collected from two sites on Karimunjawa Island in July and September and from three sites in Rawapening Lake in October, November, and December. The ecosystem assessment involved the community structure index, species composition, abundance, and diversity. Analyses of water and sediment properties have determined the relationship between macrobenthic mollusks and environmental factors. The primary influence of ecosystem variation on species distribution is the lack of related species between Karimunjawa and Rawapening. The diversity index of gastropod and bivalve mollusk species of Karimunjawa Island was significantly higher (1.36-2.40) than that of Rawapening Lake (0.68-1.19), where the predominance of two mollusk species—Littorina sp. (2192.59 ind.m-2) and Cerithium sp. (3777.78 ind.m-2)—was observed. In Rawapening Lake, Fillopaludina sp. (36859.26 ind.m-2) was the most prevalent gastropod. At Rawapening Lake, the abiotic factor closely correlated with their abundance was the fine sand substrate (r = 0.612; BIO-ENV, PRIMER 6.1.5 software). At Rawapening Lake, the abiotic factor closely correlated with their abundance was the fine sand substrate (r = 0.612; BIO-ENV, PRIMER 6.1.5 software). In Karimunjawa, the silt and dissolved oxygen content had the strongest correlation (rvalue = 0.733; BIO-ENV, PRIMER 6.1.5 software).
Keywords: macrobenthic mollusk, aquaculture, lake, ecosystem.
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