Antibiogram Pattern and Biofilm forming Potential of Gram Positive Clinical Isolates from Karachi
Abstract
Most microorganisms can live in both conditions, such as planktonic (as a single cell) or community in a matrix of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by forming biofilms (embedded in EPS as a community), adhering to a surface or rooting in a matrix. Exopolysaccharide is an extrapolymatrix substance that serves as a protective layer that surrounds the gathering of microorganisms (biofilm) from several environmental and antimicrobial effects. Biofilm production helps bacteria in multiple ways to survive, such as antibiotic resistance and persistent infections. A much-needed approach is required to evaluate methods for targeting biofilm formation and cellular progression by microorganisms within biofilm formation, as biofilm formation is responsible for several severe types of bacterial infections in the body. This study aimed to collect clinical bacterial isolates to determine their potential for producing biofilms by relating to antibiotic resistance. Memon Medical Institute (MMI) Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, provided 150 gram-positive clinical samples, including 92 (61.33%) biofilm producers. An antibiogram assay was performed along with biofilm quantification tests to determine the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the biofilm formation potential. Cultures were obtained from humans (pus, blood, HVS, urine, and wound). Identified bacterial cultures were screened for biofilm production and non-production using the Congo Red Agar (CRA) method and quantified as no, weak, moderate, and strong biofilm formation by measuring the absorbance using the Trypticase Soya Broth (TSB) method in 96-well microtiter plates. Our findings revealed that S. aureus and CONS (coagulase-negative Staphylococci) were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and moderately resistant against other antibiotics. A significant correlation was at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) with (p < .001), which indicates a strong positive relation between biofilm-forming potential and antibiotic resistance in prevailing isolates of CONS and S. aureus. PCR was performed for 05 strong biofilm-forming isolates of S. aureus for the icaA gene, and one isolate (20%) was positive for the presence of the icaA gene, which shows the presence of multiple genes responsible for biofilm formation in S. aureus. Results indicated a significant contribution in the increased biofilm production by the clinical pathogens resistant to two or more antibiotics, both practically and statistically.
Keywords: microorganisms, clinical bacterial isolates, biofilm, antibiotic resistance.
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