Essential Oil from Fresh and Dry Leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): Antioxidant Activity and Microscopic Structure
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family, originally from the Mediterranean region and can be found in most parts of the world. Rosemary essential oil is central to medication, personal health care, cosmetic ingredients, spices, and food preservation with considerable biological activities. This research aimed to measure the oil yield of fresh and dry rosemary leaf samples, identify the chemical constituents of the oil, measure the antioxidant activity of the oil, and analyze the secretory cells of the leaves. These are important to support the development and deployment of rosemary essential oil. The method of drying leaf samples is essential for preserving the oil compounds and it influences both essential oil yield and antioxidant activity. Rosemary leaves were harvested from the field of Dasong Village, Sub-District of Sukasada, and the District of Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia. One part (5 kg) of the leaves samples was naturally dried at room temperature at natural atmospheric pressure for seven days and this was referred to shade drying. Another part of the leaf samples (5 kg) was freshly processed. Both shade-dried and freshly harvested rosemary leaves were extracted using steam distillation with three replications. The composition of the essential oils was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Cross-sections of the leaves were prepared by the paraffin embedding method and stained with safranin. Leaf microscopic structure was observed under a light microscope. This study confirmed that the yields of essential oils from dry leaf samples were higher than fresh samples (0.56% and 0.36%, respectively). The oil from fresh and dry leaves contained 183 and 164 compounds respectively. The main constituents of both oils were eucalyptol, α-pinene, geraniol, linalool, and caryophyllene. The novelty of this study was that both oils from fresh and dry leaf samples have the same strong antioxidant activity with IC50 of 83.08 ppm. This might be useful for the utilization of the oil for different purposes. The secretory structure of the essential oil was glandular trichomes of two types: peltate and capitate.
Keywords: capitates glandular trichomes, essential oil, peltate glandular trichomes, Rosemarinus officinalis, steam distillation.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
DE OLIVEIRA J. R., CAMARGO S. E. A., and DE OLIVEIRA L. D. Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Rosemary) as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agent. Journal of Biomedical Science, 2019, 26(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0499-8
GONZÁLEZ-MINERO F. J., BRAVO-DÍAZ L., and AYALA-GÓMEZ A. Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Rosemary): An Ancient Plant with Uses in Personal Healthcare and Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 2020, 7(4): 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7040077
YAZICI S. O., AŞKIN B., and KAYNARCA G. B. Determination of Antioxidant Properties and Composition of Rosemary and Thyme Essential Oils. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2020, 8(10): 2105-2112. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i10.2105-2112.3560
RASKOVIC A., MILANOVIC I., PAVLOVIC N., ĆEBOVIĆ T., VUKMIROVIĆ S., and MIKOV M. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 14: 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225
KOLEILAT M., RAAFAT K., EL-LAKANY A., and ABOUL-ELA M. Designing Monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia L.: Two Lebanese Species with Significant Medicinal Potentials. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2017, 9(4): 452–474. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.4.75
HENDEL N., LAROUS L., and BELBEY L. Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) and Its In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Penicillium Digitatum. International Food Research Journal, 2016, 23(4): 1725-1732. http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/23%20(04)%202016/(50).pdf
NEITO G. Biological Activities of Three Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family. Medicines, 2017, 4(3): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030063
NEITO G., ROS G., and CASTILLO J. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.): A Review. Medicines, 2018, 5(3): 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030098
KAMEL D. G., MANSOUR A. I. A., EL-DIIN M. A. H. N., HAMMAM A. R. A., MEHTA D., and ABDEL-RAHMAN A. M. Using Rosemary Essential Oil As a Potential Natural Preservative During Stirred-Like Yogurt Making. Foods, 2022, 11(14): 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11141993
JORDÁN M. J., LAX V., ROTA M. C., LORÁN S., and SOTOMAYOR J. A. Effect of Bioclimatic Area on the Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. Food Control, 2013, 30(2): 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.029
ANH T. T., NGAN L. T. T., and LAM T. D. Essential Oil from Fresh and Dried Rosemary Cultivated in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 544: 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/544/1/012025
MOHAMMED H. A., AL-OMAR M. S., MOHAMMED S. A. A., ALY M. S. A., ALSUQUB A. N. A., and KHAN R. A. Drying Induced Impact on Composition and Oil Quality of Rosemary Herb, Rosmarinus Officinalis Linn. Molecules, 2020, 25(12): 2830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122830
DOOZAKHDARREH S. F. K., KHORSHIDI J., and MORSHEDLOO M. R. Essential Oil Content and Components, Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenol Content of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) as Affected by Harvesting Time and Drying Method. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 2022, 46: 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00902-0
ARPIWI N. L., MUKSIN I. K., and KARTINI N. L. Essential Oil from Cymbopogon Nardus and Repellent Activity against Aedes Aegypti. Biodiversitas, 2020, 21(8): 3873-3878. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210857
YANTI N. L. M. Y. I., ARPIWI N. L., and YULIHASTUTI D. A. Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum × Africanum Lour.) dan Efektivitasnya Sebagai Lotion Antinyamuk Terhadap Aedes Aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Jurnal Metamorfosa, 2020, 7(2): 105-115. https://doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2020.v07.i02.p14
ARPIWI N. L., MUKSIN I. K., and KRISWIYANTI E. Essential Oil from Vitex Trifolia As an Effective Repellent against Aedes Aegypti. Biodiversitas, 2020, 21(10): 4536-5444. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211060
CHLIF N., ED-DRA A., DIOURI M., EL MESSAOUDI N., ZEKKORI B., FILALI F. R., and BENTAYEB A. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Dry and Fresh Brocchia Cinerea. Biodiversitas, 2021, 22(4): 1741-1749. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220418
FEYZI E., EIKANI M. H., GOLMOHAMMAD F., and TAFAGHODINIA B. Extraction of Essential Oil from Bunium Persicum (Boiss.) by Instant Controlled Pressure Drop. Journal of Chromatography A, 2017, 1530: 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.033
EBADI M. T., AZIZI M., SEFIDKON F., and AHMADI N. Influence of Different Drying Methods on Drying Period, Essential Oil Content and Composition of Lippia Citriodora Kunth. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2015, 2(4): 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.06.001
HAZRATI S., LOTFI K., GOVAHI M., and EBADI M. T. Comparative Study: Influence of Various Drying Methods on Essential Oil Components and Biological Properties of Stachys Lavandulifolia. Food Science & Nutrition, 2020, 9(5): 2612–2619. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2218
ZHELJAZKOV V. D., ASTATKIE T., ZHALNOV I., and GEORGIEVA T. D. Method for Attaining Rosemary Essential Oil with Differential Composition from Dried or Fresh Material. Journal of Oleo Science, 2015, 64(5): 485-496. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess14258
WANG W., WU N., ZU Y. G., and FU Y. J. Antioxidative Activity of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. Essential Oil Compared to Its Main Components. Food Chemistry, 2008, 180(3): 1019–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.046
BEN ARFA A., GOUJA H., HANNACHI H., ISODA H., NEFFATI M., and NAJJAA H. Seasonal Changes in Rosemary Species: A Chemotaxonomic Assessment of Two Varieties Based on Essential Oil Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. PLoS ONE, 2022, 17(8): e0273367. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273367
KOWALSKI R., KOWALSKA G., JANKOWSKA M., NAWROCKA A., KAŁWA K., PANKIEWICZ U., and WŁODARCZYK-STASIAK M. Secretory Structures and Essential Oil Composition of Selected Industrial Species of Lamiaceae. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 2019, 18(2): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.2.6
AL-MAHARIK N., JARADAT N., HAWASH M., AL-LAHHAM S., QADI M., SHOMAN I., JABER S., RAHEM R. A., HUSSEIN F., and ISSA L. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus Officinalis from Five Different Sites in Palestine. Separations, 2022, 9(11): 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9110339
TESHALE F., NARENDIRAN K., BEYAN S. M., and SRINIVASAN N. R. Extraction of Essential Oil from Rosemary Leaves: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology and Mathematical Modeling. Applied Food Research, 2022, 2: 100133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100133
BAJALAN I., ROUZBAHANI R., PIRBALOUTI A. G., and MAGGI F. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oils Obtained from Seven Iranian Populations of Rosmarinus Officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017, 107: 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.063
BOIX Y. F., PIMENTEL-VICTÓRIO C., ANTUNES-DEFAVERI A. C., ARRUDA R. D., SATO A., and SALGUEIRO LAGE C. L. Glandular trichomes of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Anatomical and phytochemical analyses of leaf volátiles. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2011, 145: 848–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.584075
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
