A Self-Balancing PSO-Tunned PI Controller for Integrating Parallel Converters with Variable Renewable Sources
Abstract
This study aims to propose a system designed to fulfill the current and future energy requirements of commercial and domestic consumers. Recently, renewable energy generation methods obtained a higher priority in industrial applications to reduce and replace using hazardous fossil fuel-based energy generation methods. Conventional power generators generate AC voltage, which is incompatible with many modern appliances, requiring power conversion circuits. Power conversion circuits can make the overall system expensive and induce superfluous complexity in the system structure and control. In contrast, most renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic and fuel cells, have inherent DC output voltage, and thus, the importance of DC systems inevitably surpasses the application of AC systems. In this framework, this paper focuses on the generation of multiple DC voltage levels. Three DC voltage levels were considered according to the IEC 60038 standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission. To generate multiple DC voltage levels, a parallel combination of power cells is used, where each power cell consists of a DC-DC converter. For adequate control, a particle swarm optimization tunned proportional integral (PSO-PI) controller applies. Three case studies evaluated the performance of the proposed system based on transient response and voltage ripples. For case study 1, the input and output conditions are kept constant; for case study 2, the input voltage is iterated, and the output load is kept constant; for case study 3, the input voltage is iterated, respectively the output load is also iterated with different load settings. In all case studies, the transient response is less than 0.15 s, and the voltage ripple is less than 5%.
Keywords: DC-DC converters, power cells, renewable energy, particle swarm optimization, controller.
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