Animal Contributions to Immunology: An Opinion

Ibrahim M.S. Shnawa

Abstract

Animal models are invaluable to studies aiming to improve the well-being of human beings, particularly in the science of immunology. Traditionally, mice models have been used for both immunology research and teaching. Scientists worldwide have proposed other animal models that can contribute to the study of immunology. The objective of this opinion paper is to identify the contributions of invertebrate and vertebrate animals to the science of immunology. Immune features are categorized into nine major groups according to how they contribute, as follows: in vitro investigations, in vivo investigation, for development, as models, in discoveries, in the study of evolution, for therapeutics, for protection, and in the study of specific phenomena. A detailed description of the immune system and its evolutionary development is provided. Piscan, anuran, avian, and lapin immune models are suggested based on our research and those of others as alternatives to the traditional mice model.

 

Keywords: animal, contribution, immunology, models, mice.

Full Text:

PDF


References


MASON K. A., LOSOS J. B., and SINGER S. R. Biology. 14th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2014.

GHOSH J., LUN C. M., MAJESKE A. J., SACCHI S., SCHRANKEL C. S., and SMITH L. C. Invertebrate immune diversity. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 2011, 35(9): 959-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.009

BOEHM T., IWANAMI N., and HESS I. Evolution of the immune system in the lower vertebrates. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 2012, 13: 127-149. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163747

DI GUARDO G., CRISCITIELLO M. F., SIERRA E., and MAZZARIOL S. Editorial: Comparative Immunology of Marine Mammals. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 2300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02300

COOPER E. L. Advances in Comparative Immunology. Springer, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76768-0

STEVENS C. D. Clinical Immunology and Serology: A Laboratory Perspective. 3rd ed. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010.

JAMESON J. Immunology Laboratory. Biology 477. Laboratory Manual. 2016.

ABOLINS S., KING E. C., LAZAROU L., WELDON L., HUGHES L., DRESCHER P., RAYNES J. G., HAFALLA J. C. R., VINEY M. E., and RILEY E. M. The comparative immunology of wild and laboratory mice, Mus musculus domesticus. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 14811. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14811

FLAJNIK M. F., & PASQUAR L. D. Evolution of the Immune System. In: PAUL W. E. (ed.) Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2012: 67-128.

TAO L., & REESE T. A. Making mouse models that reflect human immune responses. Trends in Immunology, 2017, 38(3): 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.12.007

GUZMAN E., & MONTOYA M. Contributions of farm animals to immunology. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018, 5: 307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00307

SHNAWA I., & KADUM S. A. Vitamin D2 as humoral immunosuppressent in rabbit. Medical Journal of Babylon, 2004, 2(2): 177-181. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303941834_Vitamin_D2A_as_Humoral_Immunosuppressent_Rabbit

SHNAWA I., ALSADI B., and ALNIAEM K. A Piscan Ulcerative Aeromonas Infection. International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2015, 9(4): 385-391. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1107213

SHNAWA M. S. I., ELLEWI A. B., and AL-NIAEEM K. S. Gelatin Chitin and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose versus Live Aeromonas hydrophila Live Bacterin as Immunomodulants in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio. Expert Reviews of Immunology Vaccines and Informatics, 2015, 2(1): 62-66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295401316_Gelatin_Chitin_and_Carboxy_Methyl_Cellulose_versus_Live_Aeromonas_hydrophila_Live_Bacterin_as_Immunomodulants_in_Common_Carp_Cyprinus_carpio

SHNAWA I. Regional anuran lymphography. Babylon University Journal: Pure and Applied, 2003, 8(3): 486-472.

SHNAWA I. Anuran nonspecific cellular immune function. Babylon University Journal: Pure and Applied, 2002, 7(3): 745-749.

SHNAWA I. The anuran gut associated lymphoid aggregates. Journal of Alqadisiya, 6(10): 130-134.

SHNAWA I. A Concise Piscan Immunology. Alnoor Publishing, Omniscriptum, 2017.

LI F., WANG H., LIU J., LIN J., ZENG A., AI W., WANG X., DAHLGREN R. A., and WANG H. Immunotoxicity of β-Diketone Antibiotic Mixtures to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) by Transcriptome Analysis. PLoS One, 2016, 11(4): e0152530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152530

TREDE N. S., LANGENAU D. M., TRAVER D., LOOK A. T., and ZON L. I. The use of Zebrafish to understand immunity. Immunity, 2004, 20(4): 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00084-6

SHNAWA I. The identification of the unuran gial cells. Journal of Biology, Veterinary Agriculture, and Food Engineering, 2014, 8(8): 778-780.

SHNAWA I., & ALBYATEE L. A. A. An in vivo phytolectin induced skin test and T-cell mitogenicity. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Science, 2009, 8(1): 1-7.

SHNAWA I. Tuberculin, Tetanus immunoglobulin, DPT vaccine. International Science Index, 2013, 7(7): 57-61.

SHNAWA I., & KADUM S. A. The herbicide 2-4-D as a human eco-immuno-toxicant. Kufa Medical Journal, 2004, 8(1): 177-181.

SHNAWA I., & ABD F. J. Role of carbohydrate binding complement, the lectin pathway in the immunophylitic tree of vertebrate. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Science, 2005, 4: 1-5.

MALAGOLI D. The evolution of the immune system: Conservation and Diversification. Academic Press, London, 2016.

MESTANOVA V., & VARGA I. Morphological view on the evolution of the immunity and lymphoid organs of vertebrates, focused on thymus. Biologia, 2016, 71(10): 1080-1097. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0137


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.