Histomorphological Changes and Cognitive Function in Fluoride and Arsenic Induced Injury to Hippocampus and the Cerebral Cortex in Wistar Rats
Abstract
Fluoride and Arsenic are two inorganic contaminants found in drinking water, and ingestion of such drinking water may result in complicated adverse effects. This research aimed to study the effects of Fluoride and Arsenic alone and their co-exposure on the histomorphological changes in sub regions of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and learning and memory ability in Wistar rats. One-month-old male Wistar rats 32 were randomly allocated and assigned to a Control group, Fluoride group, Arsenic group, and Fluoride + Arsenic group. The control rats were treated with potable water. The remaining rats were treated with 120 ppm of Fluoride and 70 ppm of Arsenic water. Hebb William’s Maze and T-Mazes have been used as learning and memory tests. Learning and memory ability declined in Arsenic and Fluoride + Arsenic-treated rats compared to Fluoride and Control rats. The assessment of histomorphological changes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex by Cresyl violet stain. In the control group, neurons exhibited a clear nucleus and cytoplasm, In Arsenic and Fluoride + Arsenic-treated rats showed irregularly arranged cells and evidence of Karyopyknosis compared to Fluoride and Control rats. The hippocampus and cerebral cortex showed many vacuoles. The pyramidal cells were irregular in shape and had darkly stained nuclei, Granular cells were shrunken and deeply stained in Arsenic and Fluoride + Arsenic-treated rats compared to Fluoride and Control rats. Combined Fluoride and Arsenic exposure for long duration has damaging effects on the brain as resulted in diminished learning and memory ability and histomorphological changes compared to the effect of Fluoride and Control groups.
Keywords: Fluoride, Arsenic, hippocampus, cerebral cortex.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
ZHU Y-P, et al. Fluoride and Arsenic exposure affects spatial memory and activates the ERK/CREB signaling pathway in off spring rats. Neurotoxicology, 2017, 59: 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.006
RAGHU J, et al. The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid and Ginkgo biloba on learning and memory deficits associated with fluoride exposure. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2013, 6(4): 217-221. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0032.
MURTHY N, et al. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in school children of Bangarpet taluk, Kolar district. Journal of Orofacial Sciences, 2013, 5: 105-108. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8844.124253.
BARTOS M, et al. Effects of Perinatal Fluoride Exposure on Short- and Long-Term Memory, Brain antioxidant Status, and Glutamate metabolism of Young Rat Pups. International Journal of Toxicology, 2019, 38(5): 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581819857558.
CHANDIO, T A, et al. Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 28: 2355-2368 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10575-9
ABHINAV A, et al. Prevalence of high Arsenic concentration in Darbhanga district of Bihar: Health assessment. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2016, 6(6): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000410.
CHAKRABORTY D, et al. Environmental arsenic contamination and its health effects in a historic gold mining area of the Mangalore greenstone belt of north eastern Karnataka, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 262: 1048-1055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.002
GUPTA, P., & ROY, S. Evaluation of Spatial and Seasonal variations in groundwater quality at Kolar Gold Fields, India. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2012, 2(2): 19-30.
WANG S X, et al. Arsenic and fluoride exposure in drinking water: children’s IQ and growth in Shanyin county, Shanxi province, China. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, 115(4): 643-647. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9270.
JIANG S, et al. Fluoride and Arsenic Exposure Impairs Learning and Memory and Decreases mGluR5 Expression in the Hippocampus and Cortex in Rats. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(4): e96041. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096041
ROCHA-AMADOR D, et al. Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water. Cadernos de Saúde Pública/Reports in Public Health, 2007, 23: S579-587.
YANG L. Fluoride activates microglia, secretes inflammatory factors and influences synaptic neuron plasticity in the hippocampus of rats. Neurotoxicology, 2018, 69: 108-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2018.09.006
ZHAO F, et al. Alternations of NMDA and AMPA receptors and their signaling apparatus in the hippocampus of mouse offspring induced by developmental arsenite exposure. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 2019, 44(11): 777-788 https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.44.777
BASHA P M, et al. Fluoride Toxicity and Status of Serum Thyroid Hormones, Brain Histopathology, and Learning Memory in Rats: A Multigenerational Assessment. Biological Trace Element Research, 2011, 144: 1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9137-3
VOLLALA V R, et al. Learning and memory-enhancing effect of Bacopa monniera in neonatal rats. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 2011, 112 (12): 663-669. PMID: 22372329
VASUDEVAN M, & PARLE M. Memory-Enhancing Activity of Thespesia populnea in Rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2007, 45(4): 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701214631
HOSSEINZADEH A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of gallic acid against neurotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite in rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2020, 29: 621-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-020-03097-w
CHAUHAN S S, et al. Effects of fluoride and ethanol administration on lipid peroxidation systems in rat brain. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013, 51(3): 249-255.
NASIR N, et al. Effects of fluoride on CA3 region of hippocampus in adult albino rats. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2013, 3(7): 729-733
RODRIGUEZ V M, et al. Chronic exposure to low levels of inorganic arsenic causes alterations in locomotor activity and in the expression of dopaminergic and antioxidant systems in the albino rat. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2010, 32: 640-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.07.005
El-LETHEY H, et al. Neurobehavioral toxicity produced by sodium fluoride in drinking water of laboratory rats. Journal of American Science, 2010, 6(5): 54-63.
YADAV R K, et al. Increasing influence of ENSO and decreasing influence of AO/NAO in the recent decades over northwest India winter precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011318.
NAIN S, et al. Pathological, Immunological and Biochemical Markers of Sub chronic Arsenic Toxicity in Rats. Environmental Toxicology, 2010, 27(4): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20635
SÁRKÖZI K, et al. Behavioral and general effects of subacute oral arsenic exposure in rats with and without fluoride. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2014, 25(4): 418-431, https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.958138.
CAO K, et al. Exposure to fluoride aggravates the impairment in learning and memory and neuropathological lesions in mice carrying the APP/PS1 double-transgenic mutation. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2019; 11: 35 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0490-3
BASHA P M, et al. Combined Impact of Exercise and Temperature in Learning and Memory Performance of Fluoride Toxicated Rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 2012; 150: 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9489-3
LI M, et al. Pathological changes and effect on the learning and memory ability in rats exposed to fluoride and aluminum. Toxicology Research, 2015, 4: 1366-1373. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tx00050e
DIXIT S, et al. Effect of α-lipoic acid on spatial memory and structural integrity of developing hippocampal neurons in rats subjected to sodium arsenite exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020, 75: 103323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2020.103323
RAMOS-CHÁVEZ L A, et al. Neurological effects of inorganic arsenic exposure: altered cysteine/glutamate transport, NMDA expression and spatial memory impairment. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 2015; 9: 21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00021
SUN H, et al. Sodium Arsenite-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Is Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampus. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 2017; 10: 286. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00286.
INKIELEWICZ-STEPNIAK I, et al. Fisetin prevents fluoride- and dexamethasone-induced oxidative damage in osteoblast and hippocampal cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012, 50: 583-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.015
SHASHI A, et al. Neurotoxicity induced by Fluoride in Rat Cerebral Cortex. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2016, 5(10): 938-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.510.101
SHASHI A, et al. Neuropathological changes in hippocampus in albino rat in fluoride toxicity. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 2016, 6(3): 17-25.
SHASHI A, et al. Cerebral neurodegeneration in experimental fluorosis. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 2015, 5(1): 146-151.
BONETTO J, et al. Reactive nitrogen species in brain after in vivo exposure to arsenic. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2020, 8(6): 980-992. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11179
FLORA S J S, et al. A possible mechanism for combined arsenic and fluoride induced cellular and DNA damage in mice. Metallomics: Integrated Biometal Science, 2012, 4(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1mt00118c
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
