Triple Watermarking Scheme for Digital Images

Emmanuel Oluwatobi Asani, Moyinoluwa Gbenga-Degun, Sunday Adeola Ajagbe, Peace Busola Falola, Emmanuel A. Adeniyi, Matthew O. Adigun

Abstract

Digital watermarking of text, image, and video data has become an indispensable strategy for the authentication, validation, and ultimate protection of digital content. This study aims to develop a resilient, imperceptible watermarking scheme for digital images. A triple transform domain watermarking scheme based on stationary wavelet transform (SWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) is presented as a comprehensive, adaptable, and resilient solution for safeguarding digital content in a dynamic digital environment. The proposed scheme leverages the unique strengths of SWT, DCT, and SVD. SWT was used to decompose the image into various frequency bands, whereas DCT was applied to these high-frequency components, enhancing the security of the watermark. SVD was then used to decompose the image matrix into singular values, providing further robustness. The watermarking algorithm was designed to be both imperceptible and robust against various attacks. The imperceptibility and robustness of the scheme were evaluated on three publicly available datasets using metrics such as mean square error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), normalized cross correlation (NCC), and bit error ratio (BER). The results indicate that the SWT-DCT-SVD watermarking scheme is both robust and imperceptible and compares relatively well with state-of-the-art schemes.

 

Keywords: watermarking, zigzag process, stationary wavelet transform, discrete wavelet transform, discrete cosine transform, embedding, extraction.

 

https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.10.13


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