Reviewing Alumina-Zirconia Composite as a Ceramic Biomaterial
Abstract
In orthopedics, increasing the implant lifetime minimizes the need for repair surgery, which benefits the patient’s health and the practice bottom line. The quality of the materials and designs is always being enhanced to reach the ultimate objective of a single implant that would last a person their whole life. The purpose of orthopedic treatments is to enhance the patient’s ability to participate in normal activities and socialize, and the implant carrier should not be subjected to unnecessary limitations. As a result, implants are exposed to severe mechanical stress and the inherently hostile in vivo biochemical environment, which is particularly prevalent in younger and more active people. The development of hip prosthesis design and materials has taken this path in recent years. This development is one of the most challenging problems in the field of implant technology in this century. In this study, various materials, including ceramics, glass, metal alloys, polymers, metal alloys, composites, and others, were used in an effort to combine biocompatibility with fatigue resistance, stiffness, hardness, the capacity to withstand dynamic and static stresses, and excellent chemical and mechanical wear resistance. The fracture toughness of zirconia-toughened alumina composites is increased by a factor of four compared to alumina by itself. Zirconia was first included in alumina as a densifier; however, it was not until much later that zirconia was used as a reinforcement particle to increase the level of toughness in the material. The use of ZTA to improve the mechanical properties of orthopedic implants has lately been the subject of several studies, which have all just been concluded. This research includes a literature review primarily concerned with the Biolox Delta composite, its microstructural properties, manufacturing and prosthesis materials for it to identify as a bioceramic material for medical applications.
Keywords: Biolox, composites, orthopedics, hip.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
RAHAMAN N, YAO A, BAL B, GARINO J, & RIES M. Ceramics for Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Replacement. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2007, 90(7): 1965-1988. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01725.x.
MEROLA M, and AFFATATO S. Materials for hip prostheses: A review of wear and loading considerations. Materials (Basel), 2019, 12(3): 495, doi: 10.3390/ma12030495.
KNIGHT S R, AUJLA R, and BISWAS S P. 100 Years of Operative History Er Ci Us E on Er Al. Orthopedic Reviews, 2011, 3: 2–4, doi: 10.4081/or.2011.16.
PAPAS P V, CUSHNER F D, and SCUDERI G R. The History of Total Knee Arthroplasty. Techniques in Orthopaedics, 2018, 33(1): 2-6, doi: 10.1097/BTO.0000000000000286.
AFFATATO S, MODENA E, TONI A, and TADDEI P. Retrieval analysis of three generations of Biolox s femoral heads : Spectroscopic and SEM characterisation. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2012, 13: 118-128, doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.04.003.
HERNIGOU P. Smith-Petersen and early development of hip arthroplasty. International Orthopaedics, 2014, 38(1): 193-198, doi: 10.1007/s00264-013-2080-5.
CINIGLIO M. Analysis of the effects of low- temperature degradation on mechanical properties of BIOLOX ® delta femoral heads through fractographic study and Raman spectroscopic analysis. Master's Degree Thesis.
GOPAL V, and MANIVASAGAM G. Zirconia-alumina composite for orthopedic implant application. Elsevier Inc., 2019.
PEZZOTTI G, YAMADA K, SAKAKURA S, and PITTO R P. Raman spectroscopic analysis of advanced ceramic composite for hip prosthesis. Journal of American Ceramic Society, 2008, 91(4): 1199-1206, doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01507.x.
PICONI C, and MACCAURO G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials, 1999, 20(1): 1-25, doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00010-6.
PALMERO P, MONTANARO L, REVERON H, & CHEVALIER J. Surface Coating of Oxide Powders: A New Synthesis Method to Process Biomedical Grade Nano-Composites. Materials. 2014, 7(7): 5012-5037, doi: 10.3390/ma7075012.
ANDEOL Q, VISTE A, DESMARCHELIER R, LERAT J L, and FESSY M H. Metasul vs. Cerasul bearings: a prospective, randomized study at a mean eighteen years. International Orthopaedics, 44(12): 2545-2551, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00264-020-04855-9.
CROWNINSHIELD R D, ROSENBERG A G, and SPORER S M. Changing demographics of patients with total joint replacement. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 2006, 443(443): 266-272, doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000188066.01833.4f.
NISHIHARA H, HARO ADANEZ M, and ATT W. Current status of zirconia implants in dentistry: preclinical tests. Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 2019, 63(1): 1-14, doi: 10.1016/j.jpor.2018.07.006.
ROY M E, NOEL O F, and WHITESIDE L A. Phase Transformation and Roughening in Artificially Aged and Retrieved Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Femoral Heads. Journal of Arthroplasty, 2019, 34(4): 772-780, doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.12.025.
TATEIWA T. et al. Burst strength of BIOLOX®delta femoral heads and its dependence on low-temperature environmental degradation. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(2): 350, doi: 10.3390/ma13020350.
BIAMINO S, FINO P, PAVESE M, and BADINI C. Alumina-zirconia-yttria nanocomposites prepared by solution combustion synthesis. Ceramics International, 2006, 32(5): 509-513, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.04.004.
KUNTZ M, and KRÜGER R. The effect of microstructure and chromia content on the properties of zirconia toughened alumina. Ceramics International, 2020, 44(2): 2011-2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.146.
MEIER E, GELSE K, TRIEB K, et al. First clinical study of a novel complete metal-free ceramic total knee replacement system. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 2016, 11(1): 21, doi: 10.1186/s13018-016-0352-7.
POITOUT D G. Biomechanics and biomaterials in orthopedics, second edition, Springer, London, 2016, doi: 10.1007/978-1-84882-664-9.
ETHGEN O, BRUYERÈ O, RICHY F, et al. Health-Related Quality of Life in Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Qualitative and Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A, 2004, 86(5): 963-974, doi: 10.2106/00004623-200405000-00012.
AFFATATO S, RUGGIERO A, DE MATTIA J S, and TADDEI P. Does metal transfer affect the tribological behaviour of femoral heads? Roughness and phase transformation analyses on retrieved zirconia and Biolox® Delta composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2016, 92: 290-298, doi: f,10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.020.
HORNAK J. Synthesis, properties and selected technical applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(23): 12752, doi: 10.3390/ijms222312752.
NEVELOS J E, INGHAM E, DOYLE C, et al. The influence of acetabular cup angle on the wear of ‘BIOLOX Forte’ alumina ceramic bearing couples in a hip joint simulator. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2001, 12(2): 141-144, doi: 10.1023/A:1008970027306.
LOPES A C O, COELHO P G, WITEK L, et al., Nanomechanical and microstructural characterization of a zirconia-toughened alumina composite after aging. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(7): 8840–8846, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.01.211.
MASSIN P, LOPES R, MASSON B, and MAINARD D. Does Biolox® Delta ceramic reduce the rate of component fractures in total hip replacement? Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 2014, 100(6): S317-S321, doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.05.010.
DAVIS E T, et al. Mid-term outcomes of the R3TM delta ceramic acetabular system in total hip arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 2021, 16(1): 1-17, doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-02192-6.
SHERIF EL-ESKANDARANY M, et al. Mechanical milling: A superior nanotechnological tool for fabrication of nanocrystalline and nanocomposite materials. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(10): 2484, doi: 10.3390/nano11102484.
ROJAC T, and KOSEC M. Mechanochemical synthesis of complex ceramic oxides. High-Energy Ball Milling, 2010: 113–148, doi: 10.1533/9781845699444.2.113.
CATAURO M, and CIPRIOTI S V. Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Materials for Biomedical Applications. Springer Singapore, 2019.
TAYLOR N J. Liquid-Feed Flame Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis of Oxide Nanopowders for the Processing of Ceramic Composites. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, 2015.
YILDIZ Ö, and SOYDAN A M. Synthesis of zirconia toughened alumina nanopowders as soft spherical granules by combining co-precipitation with spray drying. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(14): 17521-17528, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.314.
GRABIS J, STEINS I, RASMANE D, KRUMINA A, and BERZINS M. Particulate Nanocomposites Produced By Plasma Technique. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Engineering, 2006, 12(4): 349-357.
GONZALO-JUAN I, and RIEDEL R. Ceramic synthesis from condensed phases. ChemTexts, 2016, 2(2): 1-21, doi: 10.1007/s40828-016-0024-6.
RAMING T P. The synthesis of Nano-nano dual phase ceramic composites. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, 2000.
MESHALKIN V P, and BELYAKOV A V. Methods used for the compaction and molding of ceramic matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Processes, 2020, 8(8): 1004, doi: 10.3390/PR8081004.
ARMENTANI E, BOCCHINI G F, CRICRÌ G, and ESPOSITO R. Metal powder compacting dies: Optimised design by analytical or numerical methods. Powder Metallurgy, 2003, 46(4): 349-360, doi: 10.1179/003258903225008607.
SARKAR D, MOHAPATRA D, RAY S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of sol-gel derived ZrO 2 doped Al 2 O 3 nanopowder. Ceramics International, 2006, 33: 1275-1282; doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.05.002.
SERGENT J E. Ceramic materials. Chapter 4, In BARLOW F D., & ELSHABINI A. (Eds.). Ceramic Interconnect Technology Handbook (1st ed.). CRC Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1201/97813152212812007.
RANE A V, KANNY K, ABITHA V K, and THOMAS S. Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Fabrication of Nanocomposites. Elsevier Ltd., 2018.
DAUVERGNE C, and FANTOZZI G. Microstructural Investigation of the Aging Behavior of (3Y-TZP)–Al 2 O 3 Composites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2005, 88(5), 1273-1280, doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00221.x.
DEVILLE, S., CHEVALIER, J., FANTOZZI, G., BARTOLOME, J., et al. (2003) Low-Temperature Ageing of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Ceramics and Its Implication in Biomaterial Implants. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 23: 2975-2982. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00313-3.
BIESUZ M, GRASSO S, and SGLAVO V M. What’s new in ceramics sintering? A short report on the latest trends and future prospects. Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, 2020, 24(5): 100868, doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2020.100868.
BOCANEGRA-BERNAL M H, DOMÍNGUEZ-RIOS C, GARCIA-REYES A, et al. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of α-Al2O3 submicron ceramics pressureless sintered at different temperatures: Improvement in mechanical properties for use in total hip arthroplasty (THA). International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2009, 27(5): 900-906, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.05.004.
DATYE A, et al. Synthesis, microstructure and mechanical properties of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (3YTZP) - Multi-Walled Nanotube (MWNTs) nanocomposite by direct in-situ growth of MWNTs on Zirconia particles. Composites Science and Technology, 2010, 70(14): 2086-2092, doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.005.
MAJIDIAN H, EBADZADEH T, and SALAHI E. Effect of SiC additions on microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal shock behaviour of alumina-mullite-zirconia composites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2011, 530(1): 585-590, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.027.
NAGA S M, ABDELBARY E M, AWAAD M, et al. Effect of the preparation route on the mechanical properties of Yttria-Ceria doped Tetragonal Zirconia/Alumina composites. Ceramics International, 2013, 39(2): 1835-1840, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.031.
ERKIN CURA M, et al. Microstructure and tribological properties of pulsed electric current sintered alumina-zirconia nanocomposites with different solid lubricants. Ceramics International, 2013, 39(2): 2093-2105, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.065.
RINCÓN A, MORENO R, CHINELATTO A S A, et al. Effect of graphene and CNFs addition on the mechanical and electrical properties of dense alumina-toughened zirconia composites. Ceramics International, 2016, 42(1): 1105-1113, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.037.
ZHANG Y, et al. Effect of MgO doping on properties of low zirconium content Ce-TZP/Al2O3 as a joint replacement material. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(2): 2807-2814, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.11.122.
BOCANEGRA-BERNAL M H, DOMINGUEZ-RIOS C, ECHEBERRIA J, et al. Effect of low-content of carbon nanotubes on the fracture toughness and hardness of carbon nanotube reinforced alumina prepared by sinter, HIP and sinter + HIP routes. Materials Research Express , 2017, 4(8), doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa7f22.
SIVANESAN S, LOONG T H, NAMASIVAYAM S, and FOULADI M H. Two-Stage Sintering of Alumina-Y-TZP ( Al 2 O 3 / Y-TZP ) Composites. Key Engineering Materials, 2019, 814: 12-18, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.814.12.
LEONOV A A, ABDULMENOVA E V, and KALASHNIKOV M P. Structure, Phase Composition, and Mechanical Properties of Composites Based on ZrO2 and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 2021, 12(2): 482-490, doi: 10.1134/S2075113321020313.
BAIG N, KAMMAKAKAM I, FALATH W, and KAMMAKAKAM I. Nanomaterials: A review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Material Advances, 2021, 2(6): 1821-1871, doi: 10.139/d0ma00807a.
MITTELMEIER H. Zementlose Verankerung von Endoprothesen nach dem Tragrippenprinzip. Z Orthop, 1974, 112: 27–33.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
